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On the basis of a list of estates belonging to members of the ruling class kept in Edirne between 15, the following data was collected: out of 93 estates, 41 had slaves. Many worked in the palace or for the Sultan personally. Ī Hutterite chronicle reports that in 1605, during the Long Turkish War, some 240 Hutterites were abducted from their homes in Upper Hungary by the Ottoman Turkish army and their Tatar allies, and sold into Ottoman slavery. By 1609, the Sultan's Kapıkulu forces increased to about 100,000. Most of the military commanders of the Ottoman forces, imperial administrators, and de facto rulers of the Empire, such as Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, were recruited in this way. In the devşirme, which connotes "draft", "blood tax" or "child collection", young Christian boys from the Balkans and Anatolia were taken from their homes and families, converted to Islam, and enlisted into the most famous branch of the Kapıkulu, the Janissaries, a special soldier class of the Ottoman army that became a decisive faction in the Ottoman invasions of Europe. Ottoman slavery in central and eastern Europe Īn Ottoman painting of Balkan children taken as soldier-slaves, or janissaries. According to Nicolas de Nicolay, there were slaves of all ages and both sexes, most were displayed naked to be thoroughly checked – especially children and young women – by possible buyers. It is said that Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" established the first Ottoman slave market in Constantinople in the 1460s, probably where the former Byzantine slave market had stood. Slaves were traded in special marketplaces called "Esir" or "Yesir" that were located in most towns and cities, central to the Ottoman Empire. Indeed, Bosnian and Albanian Muslims successfully requested their inclusion in the system. Christian parents might thus implore, or even bribe, officials to take their sons. Though ordered to cut all ties with their families, a few succeeded in dispensing patronage at home. They could become the highest officers of the state and the military elite, and most recruits were privileged and remunerated. However, as the 'servant' or ' kul' of the sultan, they had high status within the Ottoman society because of their training and knowledge. The devşirme system could be considered a form of slavery because the Sultans had absolute power over them. The captives were trained in the sultan's personal service. The new force was based on the Sultan's right to a fifth of the war booty, which he interpreted to include captives taken in battle. In the mid-14th century, Murad I built an army of slaves, referred to as the Kapıkulu. By raising and specially training slaves as officials in palace schools such as Enderun, where they were taught to serve the Sultan and other educational subjects, the Ottomans created administrators with intricate knowledge of government, and fanatic loyalty.įurther information: Slavery in the Byzantine Empire and History of slavery in the Muslim world Many slave officials themselves owned numerous slaves, although the Sultan himself owned by far the most. Ī large percentage of officials in the Ottoman government were bought slaves, raised free, and integral to the success of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century into the 19th. However, women played and held the most important roles within the Harem institution. Eunuch harem guards and janissaries are some of the better known positions a slave could hold, but female slaves were actually often supervised by them. Ī member of the Ottoman slave class, called a kul in Turkish, could achieve high status. Sexual slavery was a central part of the Ottoman slave system throughout the history of the institution. As late as 1908, female slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. Įven after several measures to ban slavery in the late 19th century, the practice continued largely unabated into the early 20th century. Statistics of these centuries suggest that Istanbul's additional slave imports from the Black Sea have totaled around 2.5 million from 1453 to 1700. In Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), the administrative and political center of the Ottoman Empire, about a fifth of the 16th- and 17th-century population consisted of slaves. It has been reported that the selling price of slaves decreased after large military operations. The main sources of slaves were wars and politically organized enslavement expeditions in Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and the Caucasus. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a legal and significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and traditional society.